首先，就「竞争」是否可提升「效率」论之，借用Krugman针对1993年六月欧体理事会主席（President of the EC Commission）Jacques Delors于Copenhagen之欧体领袖会议所指出的，欧洲各国失业问题的肇因在于对美、日缺乏竞争力（a lack of competitiveness）之诊断的评论： ”is a hypothesis, not a necessary truth; and as a practical, empirical matter, that hypothesis is flatly wrong.”（Krugman, 1994, p. 30）；故即使就所谓的国家竞争力而言，Krugman明白的指出：

“…., the obsession with competitiveness is not only wrong but dangerous, skewing domestic policies and threatening the international economic system.”

“Competitiveness is a meaningless word when applied to national economies. And the obsession with competitiveness is both wrong and dangerous.” ( Krugman, 1994, p. 30, p. 44)

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