IN 1953, STANLEY Miller, a graduate student at the University of Chicago, took twoflasks—one containing a little water to represent a primeval ocean, the other holding amixture of methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide gases to represent Earth’s earlyatmosphere—connected them with rubber tubes, and introduced some electrical sparks as astand-in for lightning. After a few days, the water in the flasks had turned green and yellow ina hearty broth of amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and other organic compounds. “If Goddidn’t do it this way,” observed Miller’s delighted supervisor, the Nobel laureate HaroldUrey, “He missed a good bet.”

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